See drūtos on Wiktionary
{
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"sense": "cherished",
"word": "drudh"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "expensive; daring",
"word": "drud"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"word": "drut"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"word": "*drʉt"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"word": "drúth"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"word": "*drudos"
}
],
"lang": "Gaulish",
"lang_code": "cel-gau",
"word": "Trutiknos"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*dóru",
"t": "tree; firm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree; firm”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*dūnom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "din"
},
"expansion": "Welsh din",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree; firm”) is doubtful. The u of the Welsh word is unexpected, as Proto-Celtic *ū becomes *i in Proto-Brythonic and i in Welsh (compare Proto-Celtic *dūnom > Welsh din). It is possible the Welsh word was influenced by Gaulish or Goidelic, or is a loanword from one of them; foreign /uː/ is usually rendered as u when loaned into Welsh.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-adj-o+a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "O/ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtons",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtobis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-adj-o+a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyūs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyoses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyūs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyoses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyosam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyosans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisei",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisbos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisbis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"cat2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*drūtos",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "*drūtos",
"name": "cel-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drūt"
},
"name": "cel-decl-adj-o+a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/drūtos",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 17 44 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 33 34 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 35 32 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"foolish, lewd"
],
"id": "en-drūtos-cel-pro-adj-PP71gPtG",
"links": [
[
"foolish",
"foolish"
],
[
"lewd",
"lewd"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 17 44 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 33 34 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 35 32 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"costly"
],
"id": "en-drūtos-cel-pro-adj-kCW1CIdF",
"links": [
[
"costly",
"costly"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "39 17 44 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with 1 entry",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "33 33 34 0",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "31 35 32 2",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"daring, wanton"
],
"id": "en-drūtos-cel-pro-adj-s3DaqO~v",
"links": [
[
"daring",
"daring"
],
[
"wanton",
"wanton"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"furious, grievous"
],
"id": "en-drūtos-cel-pro-adj-jCN8Y4MB",
"links": [
[
"furious",
"furious"
],
[
"grievous",
"grievous"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "drūtos"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 1 entry",
"Pages with entries",
"Proto-Celtic adjectives",
"Proto-Celtic entries with incorrect language header",
"Proto-Celtic lemmas",
"Proto-Celtic o/ā-stem adjectives",
"Proto-Celtic terms with unknown etymologies"
],
"descendants": [
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Cornish",
"lang_code": "kw",
"sense": "cherished",
"word": "drudh"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Welsh",
"lang_code": "cy",
"sense": "expensive; daring",
"word": "drud"
}
],
"lang": "Middle Welsh",
"lang_code": "wlm",
"word": "drut"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Brythonic",
"lang_code": "cel-bry-pro",
"word": "*drʉt"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Middle Irish",
"lang_code": "mga",
"word": "drúth"
}
],
"lang": "Old Irish",
"lang_code": "sga"
},
{
"descendants": [
{
"lang": "Latin",
"lang_code": "la",
"word": "*drudos"
}
],
"lang": "Gaulish",
"lang_code": "cel-gau",
"word": "Trutiknos"
}
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro"
},
"expansion": "Unknown",
"name": "unk"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ine-pro",
"2": "*dóru",
"t": "tree; firm"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree; firm”)",
"name": "ncog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "*dūnom"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Celtic *dūnom",
"name": "m+"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "cy",
"2": "din"
},
"expansion": "Welsh din",
"name": "m+"
}
],
"etymology_text": "Unknown; the traditional derivation from Proto-Indo-European *dóru (“tree; firm”) is doubtful. The u of the Welsh word is unexpected, as Proto-Celtic *ū becomes *i in Proto-Brythonic and i in Welsh (compare Proto-Celtic *dūnom > Welsh din). It is possible the Welsh word was influenced by Gaulish or Goidelic, or is a loanword from one of them; foreign /uː/ is usually rendered as u when loaned into Welsh.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-adj-o+a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "O/ā-stem",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūte",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtoi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtou",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtons",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtous",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtūi",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtobom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtobos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtū",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtobim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtobis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtās",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtai",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtābom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtābos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtābim",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtābis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtā",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "cel-decl-adj-o+a",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyūs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dual",
"nominative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyoses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyūs",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dual",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyoses",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyosam",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtyosans",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dual",
"genitive"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisom",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisei",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dative",
"dual"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisbos",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisī",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"dual",
"instrumental"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtisbis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"comparative",
"plural",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "drūtis",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "-",
"source": "inflection",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"comparative",
"plural"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "cel-pro",
"2": "adjective",
"3": "",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"cat2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "*drūtos",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {},
"expansion": "*drūtos",
"name": "cel-adj"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "drūt"
},
"name": "cel-decl-adj-o+a"
}
],
"lang": "Proto-Celtic",
"lang_code": "cel-pro",
"original_title": "Reconstruction:Proto-Celtic/drūtos",
"pos": "adj",
"senses": [
{
"glosses": [
"foolish, lewd"
],
"links": [
[
"foolish",
"foolish"
],
[
"lewd",
"lewd"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"costly"
],
"links": [
[
"costly",
"costly"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"daring, wanton"
],
"links": [
[
"daring",
"daring"
],
[
"wanton",
"wanton"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
},
{
"glosses": [
"furious, grievous"
],
"links": [
[
"furious",
"furious"
],
[
"grievous",
"grievous"
]
],
"tags": [
"reconstruction"
]
}
],
"word": "drūtos"
}
Download raw JSONL data for drūtos meaning in All languages combined (8.1kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-08-28 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-08-05 using wiktextract (872fc7b and 4deed51). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.